The Louisiana Purchase Essay examples - 818 Words

Module 3 - The Formative Years of the New Nation, 1820-1860 The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land transaction for the United States, and the most important event of President Jeffersons presidency. Jefferson arranged to purchase the land for $11,250,000 from Napoleon in 1803. This land area lay between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border. The purchase of this land greatly increased the economic resources of the United States, and proved Jefferson had expansionist dreams by doubling the size of the United States. Jefferson believed that the republic must be controlled by ambitious, independent, property-holding farmers, who would form†¦show more content†¦In view of the threatening crisis, President Jefferson immediately sent Mr. Monroe as envoy extraordinary to the French court, with instructions to negotiate the purchase of Louisiana from France. In April 1803, the negotiation was concluded and the entire region of Louisiana was ceded to the United States for the sum of $11,250,000 dollars (LeFeber 182). The American negotiators seized the favorable circumstances to urge the claims of American merchants on the French government for $3,750,00. This important acquisition more than doubled the territory of the United States. The great majority of the nation received the treaty with jubilation, but there were some particularly in the eastern States that disclaimed strenuously against it. They saw in the great enlargement of our territory and was nogthing more thatn a great waste, a wilderness unpeopled with any beings except wolves and wandering Indians. We are to give money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much (LeFeber 183). When the treaty arrived from France; the Jefferson requested that Congress convene at the earliest day practicable for its ratification and execution. The Federalists in both houses declaimed and voted against it, but they were now so reduced in numbers as to be incapable of serious opposition. The question on its ratification in the Senate was decided by twenty-four toShow MoreRelatedLouisiana Purchase And The Louisiana1535 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant occurrence happened. The purchase of 827,000 square miles of land for approximately 4 cents an acre or 15 million dollars was made. This purchase was unlike any other, for it would have the most importance of any other purchase made in the United States. It is referred to as the Louisiana Purchase. The land that was purchased was known as the Louisiana Territory. Also, this territory wasn’t just bought. It was exchanged, for an important reason. The Louisiana Purchase is known as one of the mostRead MoreThe Louisiana Purch ase1215 Words   |  5 Pagessignificantly with the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase added 828,000 square miles which doubled the land area of the United States (history.com 1). The importance of the Louisiana Purchase can be best appreciated by understanding why this purchase was considered significant to the United States, why France agreed to sell such a sizable amount of land, and how the Louisiana Purchase changed the United States forever. The United States was interested in the purchase of Louisiana for a number ofRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase1275 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the Louisiana Purchase was made by Thomas Jefferson in 1802, nobody in the United States knew anything about the territory. Everyone had to know more about the huge land grant that was just purchased by the U.S. People took the challenge and went out to see the great land. Famous explorers are known for their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase. Two famous explorers are known by many, Lewis and Clark. Although, there is one explorer that is less known but explored just as much area as LewisRead MoreThe Legacy Of Louisiana Purchase1286 Words   |  6 PagesLouisiana Purchase, more prominently known as an acquisition that doubled the size of the country we reside in, was much more than just a simple purchase, much less an easy one. Thomas Jefferson had to consider all the aspects, consequences, and effects that the decision of buying 2,144,500 square kilometers of land would have on the country (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 1). This purchase brought many improvements to the country, but also had unexpected consequences that would transform the countryRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase Treaty1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase impacted the United States significantly. On April 30th of 1803, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbe Marbois in Paris, France. This was the territory that France sold to the United States.1 Both the agriculture and the economy got substantially boosted due to this territory. The Louisiana Purchase had an impact on the United States agriculturally, economically, and to advance imperialistic goals. Spain originally claimedRead MoreThe Purchase Of Louisiana Posed Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesName: Title: Institution: Personal Responsibility The Purchase of Louisiana posed several important moral dilemmas for American President Thomas Jefferson; among these were the means of achieving Republican government states’ rights and strict constructionism which he relented. Constructionist and a strong supporter of states rights and, therefore, the action of purchasing Louisiana presented a moral dilemma, he was either to stick to his principle or compromise and save the Republican governmentRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase Essays940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase was done in the year 1803. In this purchase the United States of America paid fifteen million dollars to get all the land west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. This transaction was done between Thomas Jefferson and the great Napoleon. The benefits that the United States of America experienced from this purchase were numerous. For one, it gave the U.S. complete control of the Mississippi, which in tern helped many farmers with transportingRead MoreLouisiana Purchase Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase was the most influential and important land purchases in American history. The acquired land in this historical purchase proved to far outweigh what most Americans at the time could imagine. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, and lead to many great discoveries and societal benefits. Some of the major and most prominent ways that the Louisiana Purchase influenced the evolution of American were the expeditions of Louis and Clark on theRead MoreEffects Of The Purchase Of Louisiana1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe purchase of Louisiana was both beneficial to President Thomas Jefferson as well as detrimental in many ways. The ordeal started in October of 1802, where Joseph Harris of smithsonianmag.com states that the Spanish administrator, Juan Ventura Morales, who was administering New Orlean s until the French administrator Laussat arrived, said that the terms of 1795 treaty had expired and the Americans had lost their right to store American merchandise in warehouses located in New Orleans. Another rightRead More Louisiana Purchase Essay999 Words   |  4 Pages amp;#65279;Louisiana Purchase nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I believe that the Louisiana Purchase was one of the greatest impacts on American society because of the large amount of land and how it helped our economy. In this report you will see how lucky that the United States is to have obtained this large piece of land from France. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Their are many reasons why Napoleon had to sell this large piece of land

John Ware African American Cowboy - 2418 Words

Alberta’s historical record has many significant accounts of rancher and cowboy life in the late 1800’s. One of these cowboys was John Ware, who was known for his horsemen skills and his great strength. This man was well liked by his neighbours, ranchers, and other cowboys. The population of Alberta at this time was predominately Caucasian. John Ware however was an African American. Ware was not the only black cowboy from the United States who settled in Alberta. The late 1800’s was not a time of racial tolerance in the western States, nor in Alberta. What the historical records do indicate though is that John Ware was an individual worth recognition despite discrimination based on skin colour. Ware was not literate. What we know of him†¦show more content†¦He was referred to as the greatest black cowboy of the 1870’s He was born in Tennessee in 1848, and moved to Texas in 1853. He was an excellent tamer of wild broncos, a proficient roper, howev er he lacked the ability to read or write. Despite some racial inequality within the cowboy culture and workplace, it wasnt nearly as prevalent. Discrimination was not typical within cattle industry in regards to wages, all received little pay as cattlemen no matter what race they may be. If there was, any discrimination against African Americans it was in regards to their living conditions. White cattle workers would usually sit separately from all other races including aboriginals, and Hispanics. In Texas, Saloons were considered a neutral zone where segregation was not enforced. Savage mentions that friendships were even formed between black and white cowboys out of mutual respect for each other’s abilities. Prejudice was not as common in rural areas, but it urban areas it was very common. Black foremen and trail bosses faced many difficult problems. Porter argues that many white men did not believe that black men had the qualities needed for the position. Porter writes that even if an African American had â€Å"the necessary intelligence, initiative, and general capacity†, he would still have to work with white men who may not recognize the authority of a black supervisor. One black supervisor who led white cattlemen was Al Jones. He was tall and incrediblyShow MoreRelatedThe Smoking War Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesis once again cool. In the 1980s, scarcely any teenagers smoked. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, teen smoking rose 73 percent from 1988 to 1996. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As long as movie stars like John Travolta and Uma Thurman flirt gorgeously through a haze of cigarette smoke, as long as it drifts through all the right nightclubs and bars and hang-outs - not to mention the magazines and posters and billboards - teenagers will find ways to smokeRead MoreThe History of Dance9217 Words   |  37 Pagessalsa dancing and music. Samba - history of samba. Swing - history of swing dance and Lindy Hop. Tango - history of tango dancing. Twist - history of the twist. Waltz - history of waltz dance. Western - history of country western dancing - two step, cowboy waltz, western swing and polka. The following are a list of terms used in Dance; Abstract dance - A plot less work composed of pure dance movements, although the composition may suggest a mood or subject. Adagio - Any dance to slow music; alsoRead MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagessymbol of flaming American youth, the American hero of the Beat Generation† (33). This same â€Å"flaming hero† was found in other facets of American culture, more specifically in American cinema, with the likes of Marlon Brando and James Dean. However, even Moriarty’s flame would flicker at the conclusion of the novel where he is depicted as a gaunt figure in â€Å"a motheaten overcoat† (306) without a car, walking alone in the frigid New York night. The next subject is the west, the American symbol of autonomy

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(33) " shivering and melting and lost\." Jenny, devastatingly aware that her jeans were crunchy from drying wrinkled and her denim shirt looked as if she’d crawled through a chimney, said, â€Å"You invited me to come-and here I am.† He answered as easily as if they’d been talking for hours. â€Å"Yes, and you’re off to a bad start. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Couldn’t even avoid this simple trap. Don’t even know what game you’re playing.† â€Å"Whatever it is, it’s the last Game,† Jenny said. It wasn’t the same as it had been before, when she’d felt as if she were fighting him all the time in her mind-whether he was physically present or not. Fighting his sensuality, fighting his beauty, fighting the memory of his touch. In those days part of her actually longed for the moment when she would stop fighting, for the final surrender. But now †¦ Jenny had changed. The fire she’d passed through in the last Game, the one he’d created to trap her, had changed her. It had burned away the part of her that had responded to Julian, that had craved his danger and wildness. Jenny had come through the fire alive-and purified. She might not be as powerful as Julian, but her will was as strong as his. She would never give in to the shadows again. And that meant that everything was different between them. She could see that he saw the difference. He said, â€Å"More light?† and made a gesture, like tracing a line in the air. Kenaz, Jenny thought. The rune of the torch, one of the runes she’d carved on her grandfather’s oak door. It was shaped like an acute angle, like a lesser-than sign in mathematics. When Julian’s long fingers made the gesture, the light seemed to ripple, and with a magician’s flourish he plucked a second burning torch from the air. Jenny, stony-faced, clapped her hands two or three times. Julian’s glance was blue as a gas flame. â€Å"You don’t want to get me angry. Not this early on,† he said with dangerous quietness. â€Å"I thought I was supposed to be impressed.† He studied her. â€Å"You really don’t want to get me angry.† Oh, he was gorgeous, all right. Inhuman, incomprehensible, and so alive he looked as if he should be dripping fire or electricity from his fingertips. He brought a shine with him like diamonds in coal. But Jenny had a core of steel. â€Å"Where’s Tom?† she said. â€Å"You haven’t been thinking about him,† said Julian. It was true. Jenny hadn’t. Not continuously, not constantly, the way she had in the old days when she’d never really regarded herself as a separate person, but as part of a unit: Tom-and-Jenny. It didn’t matter. â€Å"I came here for him,† she said. â€Å"I don’t need to think about him every minute to love him. I want him back.† â€Å"Then win the Game.† Julian’s voice was as cold and ominous as thin ice breaking. He stuck one torch into a wide horizontal crack in the wall. Jenny hadn’t really taken in her surroundings yet-when Julian was around it was very difficult to focus on anything except him-but she saw now that she’d been right in her guess earlier. This was an enclosed place, and a very small one, scarcely as big as her bedroom at home. Three of its walls were stone; the fourth was solidly packed boulders. Below the crack with the torch was a sort of natural stairway, each step broader than the one above it. Like the fake waterfalls in the mine ride, Jenny thought, only without the water. She noticed her flashlight, apparently dead, lying by the bottom step. There was no entrance or exit to the room. The ceiling was low. It had a very trapped feeling about it. Jenny’s heart sank a little. No. Don’t you dare let him frighten you. That’s what he wants, that’s what kicks him. Besides, what’s to be scared of? So you’re buried alive under tons of rock, alone with a demon prince who wants you body and soul and will literally do anything to have you. Who might kill you just to make sure no one else can have you. And you’re pissing him off deliberately, but so what, why sweat the details? She tried to make her voice quite steady and a little blase as she said, â€Å"So just what is the Game this time?† â€Å"The clue will cost you.† Icy fury swept over Jenny. â€Å"You’re horrible. Do you know that?† â€Å"I’m as cruel as life,† Julian said. â€Å"As cruel as love.† The fury, and the steel at Jenny’s core, gave her the courage to do something that astonished even her. She wanted to slap Julian. Instead, she kissed him. It wasn’t like the tender, cozy sort of kiss she gave Tom, and not like the terrified, half-wild kisses Julian had extorted from her in the old days, either. She jumped up and snatched his face between her palms before he could do anything with the torch. She kissed him hard, aggressively, and without the slightest vestige of maidenly shyness. She felt his shock. His free hand came up around her, but he couldn’t pull her any closer than she was already pressing herself. She ignored the danger of the torch completely-if it was close to her hair, that was Julian’s problem. Let the great master of the elements figure it out. Julian recovered fast. It was possible to take him off guard, but he didn’t stay nonplussed long. Jenny felt him trying to take control of the situation, trying to soften the kiss. But she knew the danger of softness. Julian could spin a web of shadows around you, with touches like the brush of moth’s wings and kisses soft as twilight. He could turn your own senses against you until the kisses left you dizzy and breathless and the moth’s-wing touches put you on slow burn. And by the time you realized what was underneath the softness, you were shivering and melting and lost. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples" So Jenny kept this kiss strictly business. A cheap and nasty sort of business she’d never had to do before because before Julian she’d only ever kissed Tom. She kissed him angrily, with a clinical coldness and all the expertise she could muster. At the end she realized she’d managed to startle him twice in just a matter of minutes. When she pulled away-which she did easily-she could see the shock in his eyes. Didn’t think I could resist, did you? she thought. She stepped back and with utter coldness said, â€Å"Now, what about my clue?† Julian stared. Then he laughed mockingly, but she could see him losing his temper, see the blue eyes glitter with rage like exotic sapphires. She had struck at his pride-and hit dead center. â€Å"Well, now, I’m not sure I got my money’s worth,† he said. â€Å"I’ve known icicles that were better kissers than that.† â€Å"And I’ve known dead fish that were better kissers than you,† Jenny said-untruthfully and with an insane disregard for danger. She knew it was insane, but she didn’t care. The freedom of knowing that the shadows had no power over her was intoxicating. It made this encounter with Julian different from any other. She’d struck home again. She saw the menacing fury well up in his eyes-and then his heavy lashes drooped, veiling them. A half smile curved his lips. Jenny’s stomach lurched. He was evil, she knew. Cruel, capricious, and dangerous as a cobra. And she’d been stupid to goad him that way, because right now he was planning something bad-or her name wasn’t Jenny Lint-for-Brains Thornton. â€Å"I’ll give you your clue,† he said. He slid a hand into one skintight pocket and brought it out again, flipping something gold on his thumb and catching it again. The gold thing winked in the torchlight, up and down. â€Å"Heads I win, tails you lose,† Julian said and gave her a smile of terrible sweetness. Then he flicked the shining gold thing at her so quickly that she flinched. It hit the stone with a wonderful clear ringing clink. Jenny picked it up and found that it was cold and quite heavy. It was a coin, round but irregular, like a very thin home-baked cookie. â€Å"A Spanish doubloon,† Julian said, but even then she stared at him a moment before getting it. Oh, God-of course. The game-the one the real Joyland Park was holding. What had that kid said this afternoon? â€Å"You get three tokens and they let you in free. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  And the billboard: collect three gold DOUBLOONS AND BE THE FIRST TO SET FOOT ON †¦ TREASURE ISLAND. And Julian had invited them to come on a treasure hunt. But Jenny hadn’t made the connection, not even when that giant treasure chest had been the only thing moving in the park tonight. â€Å"You modeled this whole place after Joyland because they were having a treasure hunt? Why? Because I used to go to the park when I was a kid?† He laughed. â€Å"Don’t flatter yourself. This whole-Shadow Park, if you like-already existed. It was created ten years ago and for a very different reason. A special reason †¦ but you’ll find out about that later.† He gave a strange smile that sent a chill through Jenny. â€Å"It was built on an old coal mine, you know-a pit. The Shadow Men have been here a long time.† A pit. Deep into the Pit, Jenny remembered. That was a line from the poem she’d found on her grandfather’s desk in Julian’s first Game. Was that how her grandfather had found the Shadow Men in the first place? Had he taken a question deep into a pit, into some place where the worlds were connected? She would probably never know-unless Julian told her, which didn’t seem likely. But it cast a vaguely sinister light over the real Joyland Park. Forget the conjectural crap, she told herself. Get down to business. â€Å"Tom and Zach are on Treasure Island,† she said. She got a wolfish smile back. â€Å"Right. And don’t even think about trying to swim there or anything. The bridge is the only way, and the toll is three gold doubloons. You’ll find the coins hidden throughout the park.† â€Å"I’ve got one already,† she reminded him, closing her fist on the coin. His smile turned dreamy, which was even more frightening than the wolf look. â€Å"Yes, you do, don’t you?† he said pleasantly. â€Å"Now all you have to do is get out with it.† On the word it, everything went dark. It happened so fast that it took Jenny’s breath away. One moment she was conversing by the light of two ruddy torches, the next she was in pitch blackness. Blackness so profound that it made her heart jump and her eyes fly open. She saw ghostly blue pinwheels, then nothing. It was like being struck blind. Okay. Don’t panic. He made a mistake-he got mad and screwed up. He left the flashlight. I hope, her mind added, as she stuck the doubloon in her pocket and cautiously felt her way in the darkness. Her hand closed around cold metal. She held her breath and thumbed the switch. Light. Only a tiny light, a dull orange-ish glow. Either something had happened to the flashlight in the fall or the batteries were going dead. But it was enough to keep her from going crazy. You shouldn’t have made him mad, Jenny. That was really, really dumb. Because, even with light, she was in trouble. By holding the flashlight very close she could see the rock walls of her prison quite clearly. She could examine every inch of it, from the low ceiling, to the uneven floor, to the solidly packed boulders that blocked the entrance. There was no way in or out. She couldn’t possibly shift those boulders by herself-and if she did move one, she’d probably bring the rest of them down on top of her. Don’t panic. Don’t, don’t, don’t panic. But the flashlight was already getting dimmer. She could see it, but not anything around it. And she was alone in the midst of solid rock and absolute silence. There was no sound, not even the drip of water. Wait. You thought your way out of a fire in the last Game-why not a cave now? Come on, try. Just imagine the rock wall melting, imagine your hand moving through it. †¦ But it didn’t work. As she’d suspected before, here in the Shadow World, Julian’s illusions were too strong to be broken. He was the master here. Which meant she was stuck, unless someone came to help her. Okay, then. Yelling time. She made herself shout. And again, and again. She even picked up a fist-size rock that lay at the bottom of the pile and banged on each stone wall, slowly and rhythmically. In between each burst of noise, she listened. There was absolutely no sound in answer. At last, with the flashlight nearly out, she sat down with her back against the boulders, drawing her arms and legs in like an anemone. Then the whispering began. It started so softly that at first she thought it might be the blood rushing in her ears. But it was real. The voices were distant and musical-and menacing. What they were saying was too indistinct to be made out. Shoulders hunched, Jenny turned her head slowly, trying to locate the sound. And there, in the darkness, she saw eyes. They glowed with their own light, like foxfire. They were cold, ravenous. She recognized them from her grandfather’s closet. The Shadow Men. The Shadow Men were here with her. Their eyes seemed to stare out of the wall itself. They were in the rock, somehow. Jenny felt the hairs on her arms erect, felt a prickling that ran from her little fingers to her palms and all the way up to her elbows. A primitive reaction to what she saw in front of her. Everyone, everywhere, knew about the eyes, she thought. Underneath, everybody really knew, even though people tried to suppress the knowledge in the daytime. At night sometimes the knowledge burst out-the sense of watching eyes that shared the world with humans. Eyes that were ancient and infinitely malevolent and that had no more concept of pity than a wasp or a T. Rex. Except that they were gifted with intelligence-maybe more intelligence than humans. Which made them doubly terrifying. And they want you terrified, Jenny. So just keep your head. They’re here to scare you, but they won’t do anything to you. But they’re whispering†¦ . Such a juvenile thing. They were whispering gibberish-and it frightened her sick. Distorted, unnatural sounds. Like records played backward, at low speed. She couldn’t help listening and trying to make sense of it-even while she was terrified of doing just that. She didn’t want the gibberish to make sense. Then, to her surprise and vast relief, the eyes went out. They didn’t fade away as much as seem to recede across some great distance. The voices lingered for a moment and then died. Thank you, Jenny thought fervently, leaning her bent head on her knees. Oh, thank you. The silence seemed almost welcome now. Then she heard another sound, a liquid rippling that the hissing voices had obscured. She turned the dying flashlight toward the wall with the steps, where the eyes had been. Then she jumped up with a gasp and brought it closer. The steps-were moving. No. As she brought the flashlight right up to the wall she felt a splash of wetness against her hand. The steps weren’t moving, they were just covered with water. Water was flowing down the rock staircase, smooth as glass. Just like the waterfalls in the mine ride. Only faster. It was pouring in a steady sheet all along the width of the crack-maybe three or four feet. It was flooding out like a hotel fountain. Strangely, it seemed just an inconvenience at first, and not nearly as scary as the eyes had been. Jenny didn’t recognize it as a danger until her feet were soaked. It’s not flowing out through the boulders, she realized slowly. Weird. They must be really packed to be sealed. Or maybe there’s just a blank wall behind them and only the ceiling was open when I fell through. But now even the ceiling’s blocked up. And that water’s still coming. †¦ It was coming, and faster every minute, and icy cold. Her feet were actually numb inside her hiking boots. Too bad I lost the fanny pack-I had those Baggies for wading, she thought, and then she realized that she was going to die. This was a sealed cavern. Sealed. Smaller than her bedroom and filling up faster than her dad’s swimming pool. The water was going to come in and in- -and where will the air go? she wondered, stumped for a moment by this problem in physics. For a moment she thought she was saved. If the air couldn’t get out, no more water could get in. But there was probably room for the air to go out the ceiling, beyond the boulders somewhere. Up in some place Jenny couldn’t find because the flashlight was completely dead now. She was standing in darkness, with water rising around her calves, and if she tried to climb those boulders blindly and pull at them, they would crush her. And if she didn’t, she would eventually be left with her mouth up against the ceiling, gasping for the last tiny breath of air before the water took her. She wasn’t hysterical, but thoughts were rushing through her mind with dizzying speed. She was remembering the flooded-cavern scene in the mine ride above, and the clawed hand reaching above the boulders. And she thought she knew what some of the whispering voices had been saying. â€Å"Die †¦ die †¦Ã¢â‚¬  So that had been the meaning of Julian’s little smile†¦ . The oddest thing of all was that, even as the water rose higher and higher, she couldn’t seem to bring herself to believe it. Julian wanted her dead? Oh, it shouldn’t be surprising-he was evil, wasn’t he? Completely evil. And he’d been in a fury when he left. But-dead? The water was around her thighs now. It was cold-painfully cold. What a waste it had been to dry her jeans off earlier. Without consciously knowing how she’d gotten there, she found herself kneeling on one of the waterfall’s steps, pressing her hands against the crack, trying to stuff a rock inside. It did no good at all; she could feel the water gushing out in the dark, chilling her hands. Maybe Julian just wanted to humiliate her-to frighten her until she begged for help. But, no, that didn’t make sense. Julian knew she wouldn’t beg. She wouldn’t give in to him. He’d found that out when he’d set the bees on her in the first Game. Jenny had been willing to die then rather than surrender to him. And so he must know she would be now, and so he must want her dead, really dead. Unless – Jenny wouldn’t have thought it possible for her to become more frightened than she already was. She’d have thought there would be some limit, that her mind would go numb. But although her body was numbing with cold, her mind was suddenly reeling with a new idea that made sheer black horror sweep through her. What if Julian didn’t know? What if he weren’t the one doing this? Julian had stormed off in a rage-and then they had come. What if this water was their doing? She’d be dead before he found out. The thought resounded in her mind with a queer certainty. Julian had been at odds with the other Shadow Men once before-when five-year-old Jenny had first opened her grandfather’s closet. The other Shadow Men had wanted to kill her, their lawful prey. But Julian had objected. He’d wanted her, wanted her alive. And she’d stayed alive, because her grandfather had given himself up to them. But now †¦ Now, she thought, they’re finishing the job. And Julian doesn’t know. It was odd, but she was suddenly sure of that. Julian might be evil, but the other Shadow Men were worse. More twisted, more malign. In the paper house, Julian had controlled everything-but she wasn’t in the paper house now. She was in the Shadow World itself, and all the Shadow Men were masters. The water was up to her neck. So cold, Jenny thought-and then the idea came. What if it got more cold-ice cold? Julian had conjured up a torch with the torch rune, Kenaz. So, maybe – She was so numb she hardly knew whether she was crawling or floating, but she found the top step and she found the rock she’d tried to stuff in the crack. She was blind, but she could feel the wall, and the rune she wanted was the simplest shape imaginable. Just one stroke, up and down. A capital without any bars. The ice rune, Isa. She scratched it directly over the crack, directly in the flow of water. And then, blind and almost paralyzed, she waited. It was too cold for her to tell at first if it worked. But then she felt jagged sharpness instead of the smooth numbing gusher. The flow over the rune Isa had become a frozen waterfall. Although the water around Jenny remained liquid, it had stopped rising. I did it! I stopped the water! It’s ice, beautiful ice! She sucked in deep breaths of air excitedly, not afraid to use it up any longer. Oh, God, it was good to breathe. And the rune, the rune had worked for her. She couldn’t control the Shadow World with her mind, but the runes worked for anyone. It was only after a few minutes that she realized she was going to die anyway. Not by drowning-or at least not entirely, although that would come at the end. She was going to freeze to death. It was too cold-had been too cold even before she had frozen the waterfall. Being here was like floating in the ocean the night the Titanic had sunk. She was going to die of hypothermia-lose consciousness and sink. And then drown. And there was nothing at all she could do about it. She was already too weak when her stupefied mind stumbled upon the idea of the torch rune. Kenaz. If she could remember it-if she could find her rock-or move her fingers †¦ But the rock was gone and her fingers were too anesthetized and her brain was fogging up. Blanking out gently, almost like the beginning of sleep. Kenaz †¦ she waved the frozen lumps of flesh that were her hands vaguely under the water, but of course no torch appeared. Water could be frozen into ice, but not kindled into fire. She couldn’t change the rules of the elements at her whim. Disconnected scraps of thought drifted through her mind. It didn’t hurt much anymore. Not so bad. And nothing seemed so urgent-whatever had been bothering her moments earlier wasn’t as important now. Help. She had a vague feeling that she might call for help. But it seemed-it seemed there was some reason not to. Wouldn’t hear me. That’s it. Was that it? He wouldn’t hear me anyway. Too far away. It didn’t matter now. Nothing mattered. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6, Essay examples

Forensic Autonomy Criminal Investigations

Question: Describe about the Forensic Autonomy for Criminal Investigations. Answer: Introduction The Study of Forensic entomology involves insects when doing criminal investigations. This starts from the being phases of investigations, insects are usually fascinated by a body that is decomposing which means it has the likelihood of laying eggs in it. Because of this, while studying the insect population as it develops to the larval stages, forensic investigators are able to determine the postmortem index. This means that they can be able to determine a position to change with regard to the human corpse or the cause of death(Grassberger, et al., 2003). Here forensic odontologists will be called upon by investigators more frequently to collaborate. This means that they should be aware that entomologists would propose the utilize this as an aide toward a common ways of doing forensics. This essay discusses the possibility of using forensic data based on haematophagous or blood-feeding species. Use of insects for forensic investigations The first time that the use of insects in detecting crime was used was in the 13th century among the Chinese lawmakers. This was defined in Sung Tzus paperback known as the art of washing away of wrongs. The incident occurred after a Chinese farmer was found dead in a manner that suggested murder case with a sharp weapon. At this, all people who were suspected to have committed the crime were called to present the sickles and put them on the ground. Of all the sickles, only one of them attracted insects known as the blow flies as they searched for blood that was hidden to the naked are. Due to this, the suspect confessed to the murder(Anderson, 2016). Forensic entomology was then established in a modern courthouse where in France entomological data was used as proof to acquit the current occupants of a residence from where skeletonized remains of a child were found. However, the main science of forensic entomology was established by Jovanovich and meaning when they evaluated insect s uccession on corpses. This type of investigation is derived from the science where the body of a person or any type of tissue will only support a speedily shifting ecosystem which will move from the renewed condition to bones that are dry in a couple of months or weeks with regard to the geographical region. When the body is decomposing in different stages. At this time, it will be smart to diverse species of insects. Some species are commonly used in crime scene investigations. These are they type that will arrive at the crimes scene within 24 hours of the death occurrence(Grassberger, et al., 2003). So long, as there is a suitable season. Such season includes summer, spring or fall in most countries besides they will reach in actions within the occurrence of the blood or other body fluids. Most of the common insect species may really not be concerned with the corpse when the persons body is fresh, however, will be attracted to the same dead body later. Such insects include the cheese skippers or piophilidae. These species arrive later as the body ferments its proteins(Grassberger Frank, 2004). Other insects will not be engrossed by the body straight, however, they will reach to eat on fellow species of insects found where the dead body lays. There will be other classes of insects which are complex to each stage of discomposing and both insect group will overlap the ones that are adjacent to it in some way. In this regard, this, with the information on local insect fauna, especially during the times of tissue establishment, the assemblage of these insects are associated with the remains of the body. Such insects will be put to analysis and determine the window of the time that the death of the victim likely occurred. This forensic method is most common when the decedent is dead for a period of 14 days up to a year. In selected cases, it can also be used when the body died several years, at this at a given window of time will also bread depending on the time of death increase. The insect similarly is vital in indicating the weather and climate which the person died. For example, whether it was during early summer or spring. With a knowledge of insect succession, in addition to the season, regional, habitat and meteorological differences, it is important for this method to be used in a much more successful manner(Baz, et al., 2007). The most commonly used flies are the blow flies which are lead in the carrion communities. Other insect species will feed on feces or where they care able to find an important breeding site or source of proteins. This shows that there are other species which are of great hygiene. They are the potential vectors of viruses, bacteria, helminths and protozoans and are responsible for various human decease. The larvae of these species of insects can infest human body or vertebrate animals and feed on the host whether one is dead or alive, so long as the tissues is still fresh. The phenomenon is known as myiasis and is very important when studying the biology of the Calliphoridae. It can also be economically vital with it affects to the livestocks. Another interesting thing about blow flies is that they are dominant in the carrion communities and are one of the first insects to land on a dead body; including humans. With this regard, they become one of the most important tools in forensic investigations. It is also important to note that the performance of insects in forensic investigations will depend on on with the geographical area and the class and period of establishment. This needs to be established for all parts by using evidence. According to Study done in British Columbia in different homes, geographic areas and seasons have been used in the development of insects in forensic investigations(Baz, et al., 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, thus, insects have proved to be useful in forensic entomology. This very important method determine the elapsed time since the death of the person after 72hour and can be used more early. It is important to a day or less or a number of days and can be a method used to determine the elapsed time since death and location. Such revelation can be useful to the legal officer or attorney at law in future. In is important thus that insects are preserved well and accurately to determine the time of the death of the victim. References Anderson, G. S., 2016. Forensic Entomology : The Use Of Insects In Death Investigations. [Online] Available at: https://www.sfu.ca/~ganderso/forensicentomology.htm [Accessed 22 November 2016]. Baz, A., Cifrin, B., Daz-Aranda, L. M. Martn-Vega, D., 2007. Th e distribution of adult blow-fl ies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) along an altitudinal gradient in Central Spain. Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 3(289-296), p. 43. Grassberger, M. Frank, C., 2004. Initial Study of Arthropod Succession on Pig Carrion in a Central European Urban Habitat.. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41(3), pp. 511-523. Grassberger, M., Friedrich, E. Reiter, C., 2003. The blowfly Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as a new forensic indicator in Central Europe.. International Journal of Legal Medicine, Volume 117, pp. 75-81.

Fragmentation of Society free essay sample

In â€Å"The Fragmentation of Social Life† by D. Stanley Eitzen, he explains how at this moment many people are at their prime. Everything is going well for them but what they don’t realize is the problem the society is facing as a whole; that problem being the fragmentation of social life. He categorizes the way society is fragmented, into four parts. First, being the excessive individualism, followed by heightened personal isolation, widening income and wealth gap and the deepening racial/ethnic/religious/sexuality divide. Although his argument toward society is very true, what he does is he generalizes the society as the whole. He especially doesn’t consider the alternative factors for someone who is has excessive individualism and heightened personal isolation.; but his argument towards the widening gap between poverty and wealth and the divide is very true and fragmented because it is at times inevitable. The first factor that contributes to fragmentation is excessive individualism. We will write a custom essay sample on Fragmentation of Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Individualism is considered to independent and at times self-fish; only thinking about what can benefit us and not considering how others would be affected. Eitzen states how as Americans, it is in our economic system to be individualistic, â€Å"we are self-reliant and responsible for our actions† (564) and concludes how being individualistic promotes inequality towards the disadvantage. Excessive individualism doesn’t necessarily completely promote inequality; I agree that with individualism the advantages only think of themselves and now how those below them are affected. Eitzen argues how Republicans wanted to lower the rates of taxes so more individuals would benefit and the government would receive less; but in doing so he states how if that happens the disadvantages end of receiving less benefits. From my understanding, I concluded that he states how the advantages would receive more when the disadvantages are actually the one who needs the benefits. He doesn’t necessarily argue and include the benefits that the poor do have. I agree with how he states how schools are finance, how wealthier districts have better schools and the poor do not, but he needs to consider that the wealthy people that are in those districts and areas and commonly the ones who pay for the better education. For example, private schools are known to  have better education than a regular public school, but those people that go to private are paying an average of twenty thousand a year. I do agree with how selfish the wealthy could be but consider some of the things the wealthy do to receive their benefits. The second factor toward fragmentation is how commonly people isolate themselves, whether it be from their neighbors, co workers or even family members. He argues how those who work at home are disconnected from social networks and their colleagues (564). It is understandable that interacting with colleague is suitable, but many people work at home not to isolate themselves from their co workers but it may be relevant to watching their kids or dealing with a family issue. I am not arguing and saying working at home is the best, but at times its more convenient to work at home then to actually work in an office. He addressed the issue between gated communities and how many people don’t want to shop at local shops. Majority of the people that live in gated communities is for safety. They might have experienced living in a bad community earlier and decide to move to safer gated neighborhood. He also addresses how technology encourages isolation. His argument towards technology is very accurate, families don’t spend enough time together and always rely on phones, tablets and computers to keep them entertained and isolated. In a way, he generalizes all families, â€Å"such homes may be full of people but they are really empty† (564). Not all people that adapt to the enhancements of technology depend and isolate themselves into it. Different people isolates themselves for various reasons, some even do it without any intention of doing it. The last two factors towards fragmentation include: the widening inequality gap and the deepening divide according to race, ethnic, religion and sexuality. He addresses the wide gap between those in poverty and those who are billionaires. His argument is something one can’t counter because the gap between the two has been increasing for years. The wealthy isolate themselves from the poor because they see themselves as being so much higher. The poor isolate themselves from the wealthy because of the criticism of how they aren’t helping those who are poor. In addition, people segregates themselves from those who are different, according to race/ethnic/religion/sex, because they at times see themselves of having authority over someone. It is a form of ignorance that some don’t notice; they express hatred towards someone. For example, some Caucasian people show  dislike towards African Americans because they feel as though they have authority over them. This goes for not only race but for religion, sex and ethnic. People isolate themselves from one another because they feel as though they are better. â€Å"The Fragmentation of Social Life† by D. Stanley Eitzen reveals to readers why so any people today separate themselves from society. He addresses four factors that contribute to fragmentation but in his argument he doesn’t include why people isolate themselves. He also doesn’t include alternative factors that can result to someone separate themselves. Some people detach themselves from society intentionally and some do it without even realizing. Isolating yourself from society can be as little as avoiding a friend in the hallway or as big as being a multimillionaire.

Essay on Reunification of Korea

Essay on Reunification of Korea Essay on Reunification of Korea Essay on Reunification of KoreaThe unification of Korea is one of the major priorities for South Korea at the moment. This is why South Korea should accept the offer of China to support the reunification of Korea in exchange for the withdrawal of the US army from Korean peninsula.At the moment, North Korea is the real threat to South Korea that requires the presence of American troops on Korean peninsula. The elimination of this threat would naturally make the presence of the US army unnecessary in Korea. At any rate, the US army will not be crucial for the safety of Korea after the reunification of two countries.In addition, China is rather a hypothetical threat to reunified Korea than the real one. In such a situation, the presence of the US army on Korean peninsula would rather maintain the tension in the region that ease it because China will view the peninsula as a potential threat to its national interests and safety because China views the US as the potential rival in the regi on. The withdrawal of the US army from Korea will ease the tension because China will not view the peninsula as a source of potential threat for its national interests.Furthermore, unified Korea may not view China as the rival or enemy because current economic interests of the two countries stimulate the economic and, therefore, political cooperation rather than confrontation and persisting tension between China and Korea. The regional economic cooperation will be more beneficial for both countries in economic terms than their confrontation.In addition, China will still keep in mind Japan and the presence of the US army in Japan. In fact, if Korea feels insecure, it can develop closer cooperation with Japan and maintain close relations with the US as is the case of Israel in the Middle East. In such a way, Korea will have a strong US-Japanese back-up in case of the confrontation with China.Moreover, technically, the occupation of Korea by China is possible but the US as well as othe r countries of the region, especially Japan, can supply Korea with extensive military aid, including their direct military deployment, if necessary.At this point, it is also worth mentioning the fact that the modern weapon and technology do not need the physical location of the US army on Korean peninsula. Instead, the US may deploy its navy to cover Korea. For example, in case of the military aggression from the part of China, the US may deploy its navy forces to support Korea and provide the military back up. The deployment of the military force may not be necessary in the contemporary war. At this point, it is possible to refer to recent military conflicts the US was involved in, where the use of the aviation, missiles and high tech weapons allowed minimizing the use of the infantry and land force, while in case of Libya, the use of land forces by the US and its allies was unnecessary. Instead, the allies deployed the aviation mainly, while local military forces conducted the lan d operation. Similarly, in case of the large scale conflict, the US may supply the tactical support, such as aviation and missile attacks, while the land force of Korea can conduct the on land defense.Finally, the main reason for the reunification of Korea on the condition of the US withdrawal from the peninsula is the ease of tension in the region (Glaser Snyder, 2010). China and reunified Korea will be more interested in their cooperation rather than confrontation. China will not have the reason to view Korean peninsula as a threat to its national interests, if the US withdraws its army from the peninsula. Instead, this move will open the way for the closer cooperation between Korea and China, who are interested in the stability in the region rather than in the confrontation.On the other hand, the withdrawal of the US army from Korean peninsula will enhance consistently the position of China in the region. This is the major argument against the reunification of Korea on the condi tion of the withdrawal of the US army. At this point, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the US military presence is a restricting factor that prevents China from extending its influence in the region (Cumings, 1997). At this point, it is possible to presuppose that China may expand the sphere of its impact on Korea since there would be no rivals in the region but Russia, which though can hardly challenge the position of China in the region as strongly as the US.In addition, the withdrawal of the US from Korea will enhance the role of Japan in the region that will put Korea in the position of a mere puppet in hands of the major powers, including China, the US, Japan and Russia, in a way (Nikitin, 2013). The presence of the US army on Korean peninsula makes Korea an important player in the international politics in the East Asian region. Being deprived of the direct military support and presence of the US, Korea becomes more dependent on policies and position of neigh boring states.In a long-run perspective, the withdrawal of the US army from Korean peninsula may result in the enhancement of the position of China and steady pushing the US out of the region. In such a situation, Japan may also use the weakening of the position of the US since Japan will actually remain the only ally that can grant its territory of the US military bases. However, Japan may try to take the lead in the region and pushing the US out of the region (Cumings, 1996). In this regard, the current attempt to grant more power to Japan making it the major ally in the region, which can operate with minimal American support like Israel in the Middle East, which has its own military forces and relies on the political support of the US as its strategic partner.Thus, the reunification of Korea is rather a positive solution to the current problem of Korean conflict. At the same time, the reunification of Korea on the condition of withdrawal of American army is quite controversial si nce it weakens the position of the US and opens the way for the emergence of China and Japan as the major powers in the region. Nevertheless, such reunification is rather positive than negative because it finally eases the tension on the peninsula and the region and allows closer economic cooperation between countries of the region that is likely to become prior to political ambitions of these countries.

Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process Essay

Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process - Essay Example The different types of capital instruments that constitute an investment portfolio have also been described. Lastly, recommendations have been provided regarding the selection of assets for the construction of an effective and efficient portfolio. Investment Banking Process for an IPO Initial Public Offering (IPO) refers to the process of issuing shares by a company to the public for the first time in its history. It is mainly done to raise capital or funds in the form of share capital to be utilized by the company in its business processes. An IPO process typically consists of three key steps. They are: a) Preparation; b) Market approaching strategies; and c) Going public. Investment bankers are selected by the company for the purpose of coordinating the whole process of IPO. Hence, investment bankers form an important part of the IPO process and perform various functions during the whole process. The investment bankers give valuable advice to the company regarding how to go about t he whole process of IPO. The underwriting functions related to the IPO are also performed by the investment bankers. ... The investment bankers are mainly selected by the companies because of their expertise in the field of obtaining the best selling price of the shares to be issued by the companies (O'Rourke, 2007, p. 209). Hence, investment bankers are found to have three tasks to be performed by then in case of IPOs. They are: a) Given the existing conditions in the market, the investment bankers help the companies to design the securities of the companies to be offered by them in a way that are most attractive to the public; b) The investment bankers buy those securities from the companies; and c) They resell those securities to the investors or the public (Besley & Brigham, 2008, p. 83). Asset Class Selection for an Investment Portfolio Portfolio of an investor consists of combination of assets or asset classes. An asset class can be defined as a combination of different types of securities such as shares, bonds, mutual funds, etc. which, taken together, serve the purpose of providing specific con tribution to the portfolio of the investors. Such contributions are in the form of risks associated with the securities chosen, the return generated from the assets and covariance of return that exists between other classes of assets. The diversification of assets included in a portfolio can be achieved at two levels. One is while choosing a large number of assets and the other one is while choosing different types of asset classes to form the portfolio. Various factors are needed to be considered while selecting asset classes to form an investment portfolio. They are: a) Expected return of the portfolio; b) Diversification benefits; c) Required scale of investment; and d) Liquidity. The returns that are expected from the asset

Microeconomics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Microeconomics - Research Proposal Example Microeconomics covers a rather broad area: demand and supply, indifference curve analysis, elasticity of supply and demand, production and cost, marginal analysis, market structure, pricing, and so on. This study will attempt to deal with the area of market structure which is very interesting because of its pervasiveness in our lives: Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. An understanding of market structure is essential not only for economists but also for individual businessmen and corporations, for it will help them greatly in dealing with numerous problems encountered in the competitive arena of business. The four major market structures often discussed by economists are perfect competition, which is production by numerous firms with identical/homogeneous products as well as the presence of conditions of free entry and exit; monopoly, which is production by a single firm; monopolistic competition, which is production by many firms with somewhat different or differentiated products; and oligopoly, which is production by several firms. Perfect competition is the ideal market condition envisioned by the great economist Adam Smith, and is often studied first because it is the easiest to understand and it can serve as starting point as well as a gauge by which to measure the performance of the other market structures. The demand curve of a perfectly competitive firm is horizontal because its output is but a small part of total production and it cannot affect the price. The conditions for perfect competition are: a) a large number of small firms and customers, b) homogeneity of product, c) freedom of entry and exit, and d) perfect information about available products and their prices. Many farming and fishing industries closely approximate perfect competition. At the other end of the spectrum is the

Competitive analysis of a business firm Assignment

Competitive analysis of a business firm - Assignment Example Introduction The company selected for the project is Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. It is a brewing company of America and operates in 13 breweries in the country. The company is based in St. Louis, Missouri. Apart from packaging and brewing operations, the company also engages itself in agricultural operations, recycling operations as well as manages subsidiary owned property. The company supplies its products through a network that involves 500 independent wholesalers as well as 13 wholly state owned enterprises (Anheuser-Busch, 2012). The successful business organizations understand the purpose of value creation for the existing employees, customers and the investors. They are also aware that the interests of the groups are inter-related. Sustainable value should be created for all the three groups simultaneously. From the point of view of the customers, value creation means availability of products and services that are useful to them. From the perspective of the employees, value creation means treating all employees in a respectful fashion and involves themselves in the decision makings while value creation for the investors means obtaining high returns on their investments (Holland, 2001, p. 3). The mission of a certain company should be defined in terms of the primary value adding activities. Therefore, it is of utmost interests for the managers to devote time to analyze the dynamics of value creation. But managers tend to take decisions that systematically reduce the long term possibility of the firm to create value. They tend to define the interests of the organizations narrowly and this view was reinforced by the financial accounting systems (O'Malley, 1998). It is possible for business to create value in the following ways: reducing the transaction costs (for consumers / producers) reducing the costs of producers changing the perceptions of perceived benefits The firms offer some advantages where the transaction costs are lower. Market transactions i nvolve the use of real resources such as time and search costs as well as drawing up and enforcing contracts. Economies of scale can also crop us if the market transactions involve the use of real resources. The common ownership of the resources of production are sometimes less costly than a series of arrangements with independent contractors when there are specialized assets and expertise involved (Forbes, 2012). The factors driving value creation The history of the selected company is one of success as well as innovation. There has not been any real growth in the product market of the company in the time period under consideration in the graph above but the company faired particularly well in the stock market. In the last decade the domestic demand for beer went flat. The year 1996 marked the year where the company was able to create substantial value. In that year only 55 of the total produced in the company were sold outside United States. In the two year period of 1996 to 1998, the invested capital of the company grew by about 1.9 billion dollars. The enterpris3 value of the company grew by around 13.4 billion dollars (Arnold and Shockley, 2002, pp. 1-6). The estimated enterprise value of the company is shown in the graph below. The value of the company’s assets in place grew only slightly over the excess of capital invested. This indicates low growth of the existing market. The real value creation can be observed in the generation of 10 billion dollars worth of growth options for the company. In

HRM: An essential element of business

HRM: An essential element of business Human resource management is an essential element of every business. Employee relation is a very vast and complex topic. There have been numerous theories that have been developed in regards to employee relation. These theories have been a part of our daily lives and it is seen that even though people tend to be following the processes it is quite rare that the focus falls on the theories themselves. As explained by Adam and Meitz (1993): By choosing a theory one organises reality. There has been a wide and vast range of theories that have been developed over the years. There are a number of different roles that people tend to undertake within the organisations and each one of the roles are equally important for the success of the business. One of the most important however is that by leaders. Leaders play a crucial role in the organisations including several elements like training and mentoring as well (Adam and Meitz, 1993). Training and mentoring are two essential elements for eve ry business. In the case of new employees to a job, it is seen that there is a need for new training and mentoring to be introduced within the organizations. These training and mentoring is based on the employee profiles and the levels based on which the employees can learn and develop. Hence for every company recruiting newer employees this is a very essential aspect. Mostly in the case of new employees these form the basic understanding of the organization and the job (Beer, Lawrence, Quinn Mills, and Walton, 1985). This paper will discuss two very essential aspects of the business, i.e. the concept of individual differences and the organizational roles and situations. The main aim of the paper is to discuss how people take up their roles in the organizations and how well the group situations are managed within the organization. Individual Differences: Murray and Kluckholm have divided the psychology studies of people into three main sections. They explain, Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man. Considering the term Individual differences psychology, the main focus of this theory is based on the second level of study. The study of individual differences psychology is one where the theorist and experts study the differences in the individual behavior. The concept of individual differences is very important as it helps creating an average of the variations in the differences of individuals. This is an essential concept in organizations and employee behavior as with the various personalities of people within the industry, there is also a chance that the expected reactions might not be the same from all employees. Hence when a leader works towards managing a group, it is essential that the leader is able to understand and associate with each employee. This will help the leader understand the most effective form of leadership that can be implemented within the teams and the organization as a whole (Gazendam, 1993). Motivation is the most important aspect of any organization. It is essential for competitiveness, cost effectiveness that in simpler words is staying alive. Practice what you preach. For effective understanding of the employees and their individual differences, a few underlying principles can be used (Goleman, 2006). These include using: Surveys- Changing behaviour, and hence, attitudes, is difficult unless you can identify as a start point. In all companies there are a number of employees who resist change and are unwilling to accept any change of any kind. Use of Good Practice: Being a manager does not require training for leadership skills, or having a set number of principles for a job or set systems. It is important to understand that theories that have been developed over the years are only meant for references and not to be used as a bible for every move. Policies and Procedures: In every company, or even a group of companies, nothing ever happens unless theres a simple policy or procedure for making the thing happen. These policies and procedures should be set out and should include, what should happen, who needs to manage it, how it should take place, how it is monitored, etc. need to be encompassed in these policies (Grint, 2001). Organisational Roles and Situations: The term Organizational Roles refers to the technical positions that are occupied by both the leaders as well as the employees in an organization and the processes and procedures that occur in the day to day business. Leaders act as change agents within organizations. They motivate as well as build the trust and confidence of the people within the organization. There have been a number of different theories and approaches that have been developed in the past by various authors and experts in the field (Goleman, 2006). Daniel Golemans approach consists of six major styles of leadership. In his book Primal Leadership, he has highlighted that good leaders are effective because they create resonance. Based on this he explained resonance can be done in six ways, which in turn lead to the leadership styles. These styles included visionary leadership, coaching leadership, affiliative leadership, democratic leadership, pacesetting leadership and commanding leadership (Goleman, 2006). Leaders require to be very careful with the decisions they make because every decision they made has an effect on the lives of the employees. Thus Goleman argues that true leaders are a product of the decisions that they take and thus a true leader is one who thinks through all the factors before taking a decision and after considering every possibility. Mintzbergs argument that the decisions of leaders are diluted by the half truths is a very positive and right argument. Another aspect that needs to be considered in any organization includes the training of employees. Training a group involves a lot more efforts as well as costs than training a single employee. The main similarity of training the employees and a group is that the content always remains the same (Buchanan and Huczynski 2004). However when training an individual, it is possible to help them out on improving the process and finding ways to overcome issues. This cannot be done in the group training (House Shamir, 1993) . Training an individual can be done while working on the job which allows the employees to also get a feel of the systems and ask questions which they would have otherwise been reluctant to ask in a group. Organisational Behaviour and its Impact: Being able to take up new roles and styles of management is one of the biggest challenges in an organisation. Management theories are in a number if ways the first and most essential elements of business which every manager will require to know and understand to be able to successfully lead a team. It is essential to realise the importance of these theories for every manager (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). The fair and employment laws that have been implemented by the government have a lot of relevance to the everyday work. It is essential for managers to have a strong knowledge of these laws to ensure that all employees are treated in a fair and ethical manner (Koestenbaum, 2002). One of the best ways to create a supportive environment in the work place is to communicate to the employee and bring out ways and modes to help one another achieve the fair employment within the work place. A communication strategy which involves meeting initially by the manager to discuss the same with t he employees, after which the employees can initiate a meeting anytime they feel something within the office is not fair. This is more of an open communication and should be for the entire team rather than just the employee and managers. The impact of the leaders performance and behaviour within an organisation has a high impact on the overall performance of the business. Mintzberg has argues that leadership and management required to be aligned to the organizational development. Mintzberg also argued that it is up to the internals of the organization to make the right choice of the leaders rather than externals, who do not have complete knowledge of the organization and its people (Locke, Edwin 1975). Mintzberg has discussed some very important aspects of leadership and has emphasized on important aspects like the half truths. The half truth that has been used by managers in a number of ways is that people are human resources (Locke, Edwin, 1975). Mintzberg argues and highlights th at it is incorrect to refer to human beings as human resources. He argues that half truths are dangerous mainly because of the fact that they can affect the actions of the leaders to be not well thought out and planned (Grint, 2001). Also the half truths are not reasonable and require to have been taken as a huge threat to the managers and leaders of organizations. Considering the various examples that he has enlisted in the argument, it is clear that the half truths cause a the leaders to make ineffective decisions and also in some terms can be the underlying factors for the organizations moving into the wrong path and moving towards failure to some extent (MICA, 2004). It is clear that basing the leadership decisions on half truths can be very damaging not only to the company but also to the lives of the employees that are involved. Thus Mintzbergs argument is very appropriate and it is important to understand and differentiate among the half truths and the other half truths (MICA , 2004). Effectiveness of Organisational Behaviour: As has been mentioned earlier, the ability to change the behaviour of a leader based on the employees and the needs of the team. Of all the different leadership modes that are present in various organisations, one which has proved to be very effective and efficient is that of a charismatic leader. In a situation where decisions need to be taken very fast and with accuracy, the most effective leader would be the charismatic leader (House Shamir, 1993). Charismatic leaders mainly refer to people with an elusive and also an indefinable personality trait which in a number of terms seems unnatural and is considered to be supernatural. These traits have been expressed to be traits like ability to lead, charm, persuade, influence and inspire others (Beer, Lawrence, Quinn Mills and Walton, 1985). According to Weber: charisma is ‘a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is set apart from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman , or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These are such as are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader’. He also says, resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him. Every leader irrespective of whether a charismatic, authoritative or even a transformational requires to have a team and followers to be able to lead them. Hence it is clear that a leader only leads the way and helps the others to follow him and meet the goals of the organization. In situations where the leaders require having complete support of the followers, the most effective form of leadership again is the charismatic leadership (House Shamir 1993). A few of the best examples include Fidel Castro, Winston Churchill, Bill Clinton, Mahatma Gandhi, Adolf Hitler, Sathya Sai Baba, Joseph Smith and Werner Erhard. All of these leaders have been able to contribute in their own way to their organizations. As has been understood from the above discussion, Charismatic leaders are known for their approach to every big and small problem. The actions of the leaders have a cumulative effect on the changes that they tend to bring about in the people. There are several similarities between the charismatic leaders and transformational leaders. The most essential and basic difference is their focus. The transformational leaders focus on transforming the organisation and in some cases the followers as well, while the charismatic leaders prefer to let things remain the same and do not want to change things. In the case of charismatic leaders it is quite easy for the followers to get carried away while talking to the person because of the strong aura that they have. The charismatic leaders are a combination of both people as well as organisation oriented. Hence the charismatic leaders to a great extent are great leaders and provide a lot of results to the organisation as a whole. Conclusions: As seen from the above discussion, the leaders play a major role in the over organizational behavior and the overall effectiveness of the organizations. The ability to understand the needs of each individual and to work towards providing all employees with the right treatment to be motivated is the main job and role of the leader. As seen in the above discussion the role of human resource management is very high in every company. The success of a company is directly dependent on the performance of the employees and the right choice of employees can take the company a long way and can provide the company with excellent results. For an individual to be a successful leader it is essential that they have a clear vision and aim for the team. The behavior of the managers and leaders has a strong and direct impact on the employee productivity (Koestenbaum, 2002). This is majorly because employees tend to follow their leaders. If a leader needs to be successful it is essential that the leade rs have the ability to be open to feedback, ready to accept their flaws and willingness to give in their best to the team. All leaders challenge the process (Kouzes, J., Posner, B., 2002). It is essential that leaders view the status quo and ask themselves why. Only by asking why and challenging the assumptions that instituted the status quo can a leader be effective. Hence to be able to fulfill their role in the organization, it is important that the leaders are aware of their surroundings and are able to work in sync with all the other roles within the organization. This will not only increase the level of team work but will also increase the overall success of the organization as well.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Critique :: essays research papers fc

To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel that has received great acclaim, largely due to setting, themes, and accuracy. The setting, themes, and accuracy of the novel seem to fall into place in a great order, which makes this novel receive great acclaim. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in a small town in â€Å"fictional† Maycomb County, Alabama 1933-35. â€Å"It was more of collection of short stories than a true novel†¦yet, there was also life† (Commire, 18). The Characters of To Kill a Mockingbird we also created from people in Lee’s life. For example, she used here father, Frances â€Å"Finch† Lee, as a model for Atticus Finch. â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird, Is a novel of strong contemporary national significance†¦Miss Lee considers the novel a love story† (Commire, 155). The novel could be considered a love story because it shows the love of a father toward his two children. Apparently, Lee chose the mockingbird to represent the â€Å"purity of heart, and selflessness of characters like Atticus Finch, Tom Robinson, and Boo Radley (Moss and Wilson, 395). To Kill a Mockingbird underscores many themes and represents a universal story from a regional perspective (Stabler). The overall argument involves the obvious plea for justice while mocking the civilization of Southern society. To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a â€Å"classic†, it was a bestseller, and it is required reading for many High School’s in the U.S. (Stabler). Even today in bookstores, like Barnes & Noble, it is easy to find a copy of the book on the shelves. It is even showcased on the bags of Barnes & Noble. It is felt that To Kill a Mockingbird gives â€Å"an accurate reflection† of life in the south during the 1930s (Stabler). There was much racism in the south during the 1930s. Edgar Shuster states, â€Å" In the course of their growing up, the children do a great deal of learning, but little of that learning takes place in school,† (Bernard). It goes to show, that not all life lessons can be learned in school. Shuster also states, â€Å"The achievement of Harper Lee is not that she has written another novel about race prejudice, but rather that she has placed race prejudice in a perspective which allows ups to see it as an aspect of a larger thing (Bernard). Like something that comes from fear and lack of knowledge. Keith Waterhouse believes that â€Å"Miss Lee does well what so many American writers do appallingly: she paints a true and lively picture of life in and an American small town, and she gives freshness to a stock solution† (Kinsman, 481).

Preceding any War Essay

As the antebellum period began, America was approaching its golden anniversary as an independent political state, but it was not yet a nation. There was considerable disagreement among the residents of its many geographical sections concerning the exact limits of the relationship between the Federal government, the older states, and the individual citizen. In this regard, many factions invoked concepts of state sovereignty, centralized banking, nullification, popular sovereignty, secession, all-Americanism, or manifest destiny. However, the majority deemed republicanism, social pluralism, and constitutionalism the primary characteristics of antebellum America. Slavery, abolition, and the possibility of future disunion were considered secondary issues. The history and sociopolitical influence of the African-American church documents an interminable struggle for liberation against the exploitative forces of European domination. Although Black religion is predominantly Judeo-Christian, its essence is not simply white religion with a cosmetic face lift. Rather the quintessence of African-American spiritual mindedness is grounded in the social and political experience of Black people, and, although some over the years have acquiesced to the dominant order, many have voiced a passionate demand for â€Å"freedom now. † The history of the African-American church demonstrates that the institution has contributed four indispensable elements to the Black struggle for ideological emancipation, which include a self-sustaining culture, a structured community, a prophetic tradition, and a persuasive leadership. The church of slavery, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, started as an underground organization and developed to become a pulpit for radicals like Richard Allen, (discussed in detail) and the platform for revolutionaries like David Walker. For over one hundred ears, African slaves created their own unique and authentic religious culture that was parallel to, but not reflective of the slave-owner’s Christianity from which they borrowed. Meeting on the quiet as the â€Å"invisible church,† they created a self-preserving belief system by Africanizing European religion. Commenting on this experience, Alice Sewell, a former slave of Montgomery, Alabama, states, â€Å"We used to slip off in de woods in de old slave days on Sunday evening way down in de swamps to sing and pray to our own liking† (Simms, 1970, p. 263). During the late 1700s, when slavery was being dismantled in the North, free Black Methodists courageously separated from the patronizing control of the white denomination and established their own independent assemblies. This marked the genesis of African-American resistance as a nationally structured, mass-based movement. In 1787, Richard Allen, after suffering racist humiliation at Philadelphia’s St. George Methodist Episcopal Church, separated from the white congregation and led other Blacks, who had been similarly disgraced, to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A. M. E. ) in 1816. The new group flowered. By 1820 it numbered 4,000 in Philadelphia alone, while another 2,000 claimed membership in Baltimore. The church immediately spread as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston as African-Americans organized to resist domination. Through community groups, they contributed political consciousness, economic direction, and moral discipline to the struggle for freedom in their local districts. Moreover, Black Methodists sponsored aid societies that provided loans, business advice, insurance, and a host of social services to their fellow-believers and the community at large. In sum the A. M. E. Churches functioned in concert to organize African-Americans throughout the country to protect them selves from exploitation and to ready them for political emancipation.

Moving to New Schools Essay Example

Moving to New Schools Essay Example Moving to New Schools Essay Moving to New Schools Essay ?Growing up, the fact that I moved frequently perpetuated the way in which I was relegated to a certain niche in my new schools that made me an easy target for harassment. I had always toed the line between outcast and peripheral popularity, I was often easily accepted but it was hard to form bonds with others whose vacancies for new friendships were sadly lacking. This being said, as I grew older I was bullied less, for my confidence grew as well as my body making me less and less of a target for blatant harassment, which would instead turn to duplicity and snide comments hidden behind falsesmiles and turned heads. However, it was during this transitory period that I faced possibly the most serious bullying I was ever to experience.I had recently moved back from my mother’s to live with my father and was enrolled in a new school. There were cliques that stood out; one in particular was infamous in that they gave new female students a rough go of it, before losing interest. I was confronted by the lead instigators in the group and knew that I had few choices allotted to me in reacting to their challenges. I decided to brush it off; informing them I didn’t particularly care what they thought of me. I was later informed that I was to be jumped by the group, fortunately this did not occur, but I did receive some rattling threatening notes. I had never been hated to such an extent by people whom I didn’t even know and was honestly baffled and scared. I employed the help of the only resource I felt was reliable, my parents. After reading the notes, they contacted the school’s administration to inform them of the situation, which had unsurprisingly not been the first time these girls had instigated something like this. I had tried ignoring them; I had even rebuked them when these girls had tried to insult me in confrontation. It was a last resort to me to bring in the schools administration into a situation I had hoped would resol

Free Essays on Ken Kesey And One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest

Ken Kesey had written many books after the classic novel â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† but is best known for this work. (www.emptymirrorbooks.com) Ken Kesey was born in 1935, a time of racial turmoil and sexual discrimination. This affected the tone of â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest†. There is racism in the ward where McMurphy’s is held. The character in control of the psychiatric ward is Nurse Ratched, who oversees everything and everyone. She is not viewed as a woman sexually by the male patients and, therefore, she holds power over them as a male in charge would. The white male patients, although they cannot live in society, hold power over the Black Boys because they are white. The Black Boys must clean after and take care of the patients, including giving them showers. Down at the bottom of the control is Chief. The Black Boys take their hatred of society and personal frustrations out on Chief Bromden, as he is half Native Am erican and considered beneath them. We see this numerous times in the book, including how Americans could not understand Native American culture, â€Å"Can you imagine people wanting to live this way.† (p. 199) Power struggle, due to race and gender, coincides with the culture of Ken Kesey’s time. During the 1930’s, white Americans held power, African Americans were considered lower and Native Americans held the bottom of the totem pole position. Harmonizing with the time of sexual discrimination, Ken Kesey’s gender played a role on the theme of the book which was the war of the sexes. Women in power, is thus the castration to men and an end to there rule, â€Å"If she can’t cut below the belt, she’ll do it above the eyes.† (p. 180) Evidence to this also supported that with Chief’s mother because she was white and â€Å"Much Bigger† then his father, which destroyed him. Also, Billy Bibbit’s controlling mother led to his suicide at just the thought of her disappointment. ... Free Essays on Ken Kesey And One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Free Essays on Ken Kesey And One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Ken Kesey had written many books after the classic novel â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† but is best known for this work. (www.emptymirrorbooks.com) Ken Kesey was born in 1935, a time of racial turmoil and sexual discrimination. This affected the tone of â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest†. There is racism in the ward where McMurphy’s is held. The character in control of the psychiatric ward is Nurse Ratched, who oversees everything and everyone. She is not viewed as a woman sexually by the male patients and, therefore, she holds power over them as a male in charge would. The white male patients, although they cannot live in society, hold power over the Black Boys because they are white. The Black Boys must clean after and take care of the patients, including giving them showers. Down at the bottom of the control is Chief. The Black Boys take their hatred of society and personal frustrations out on Chief Bromden, as he is half Native Am erican and considered beneath them. We see this numerous times in the book, including how Americans could not understand Native American culture, â€Å"Can you imagine people wanting to live this way.† (p. 199) Power struggle, due to race and gender, coincides with the culture of Ken Kesey’s time. During the 1930’s, white Americans held power, African Americans were considered lower and Native Americans held the bottom of the totem pole position. Harmonizing with the time of sexual discrimination, Ken Kesey’s gender played a role on the theme of the book which was the war of the sexes. Women in power, is thus the castration to men and an end to there rule, â€Å"If she can’t cut below the belt, she’ll do it above the eyes.† (p. 180) Evidence to this also supported that with Chief’s mother because she was white and â€Å"Much Bigger† then his father, which destroyed him. Also, Billy Bibbit’s controlling mother led to his suicide at just the thought of her disappointment. ...

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project 2 Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project 2 - Essay Example t question to consider is how to reconcile Ables need for building market share (long-term strategic business objective) with Waldens drive for year-to year quarterly increases in sales and pretax profit (short-term, corporate objective). Both of these are important to have, and they are not mutually exclusive. The company can hold both objectives in high priority provided that they all agree with each other to do so. However, Walden is demonstrating a lack of strategic management. Walden needs to consider strategic management as they move forward. According to Coulter, it is beneficial because â€Å"it gives a role to everyone in an organization to manage strategically, it helps the organization perform well, it helps the organization to effectively cope with the uncertainties in the external and internal environment, and it helps to coordinate various functions and activities† (2005). Strategic management is vital for the long-term success of any organization, and through implementing it, it is believed that the two blending organizations can come to a compromise and each get a great deal of what they are used to and what they want. The second challenge to consider is that Waldens success metrics of head count control, inventory management, inventory turnover, and day’s sales outstanding can be inhibitors to growth vitally needed by Able. It is possible to moderate these functional objectives and make them work for Able. This simply involves removing or raising the ceiling which currently inhibits this growth. For example, head count can still be controlled in larger numbers, inventory can still be managed when there is a lot more inventory to account for, and outstanding daily sales can still be recorded when the dollar figures are higher. Controlling objectives does not necessarily mean containing them. Able can still grow using the same basic framework of Walden’s success metrics, so long as Walden does not squash the growth being sought by Able

Emphysema Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emphysema - Research Paper Example Trapped pockets of the air block airways leading to a difficulty in breathing. Emphysema is similar to another condition called the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that leads to a reduced airflow into the lungs. COPD is characterized by running out of breath, chronic cough, phlegm, and reduced ability to exhale. Emphysema gets worse with time, with the alveoli becoming larger while decreasing in number (Turino, 2006). As a result, the air sacs are destroyed as they change in structure. The condition greatly reduces the amount of air absorbed by the blood in the lungs. The major predisposing factor to the state includes smoking especially from the age of 35 years, air pollution, and exposure to allergens, genetics and other respiratory diseases such as asthma among other suspected causes. The expiratory flow limitation is chronic and permanent. The limitation results from the airway inflammation and parenchymal cells damage. Progressive airways obstruction which leads to more breathing difficulties. The condition worsens with the inflammation of the airway characterized by the mucosal airway edema and mucous impaction. Emphysema results in the destruction of elastin impairing the ability of the lung to recoil after inhalation. As a result causing the lungs defective expiratory pressure. The airways become weak and narrow and thus there is an increased resistance to airflow. Expiratory flow limitation occurs when the expiratory airflow during spontaneous tidal breathing represents the maximum possible flow rate at operating lung volume. The expiratory flow rate does not rely on the muscle effort but on the ability of the lung to produce enough pressure for adequate exhalation during the recoil tide. In the case of expiratory flow limitation, the lung does not generate enough pressure for sufficient additional due to the reduced surface area and high volume of the alveoli, and the damaged elastin. The

The Objective Validity of Certain Moral Values Essay

The Objective Validity of Certain Moral Values - Essay Example A woman, for instance, has right not to be raped. She is the owner of her body, this is the most intimate item that any person can own, and to suffer sexual assaults or violations is reprehensible. Some have argued, based on different cultural values, that a husband ought to be able to rape his wife. A legal arrangement, however, is no moral basis for overcoming the moral right that a woman has to protect her own body from unwanted actions. This situation can be contrasted with certain types of justifiable homicide; to be sure, there are situations where the killing of another human being may be justified in terms of self-defense. There is no such competing moral value, such as the self-preservation of one's life, in the case of rape. It is wrong in all instances. It is objectively wrong because the right to control the sexual use of one's body is a predominant moral right, and any moral standard prohibiting the rape of a woman is objectively valid in all situations. Moreover, there are certain ethnic rights which deserve protection in all situations. An ethnic group, for example, has a moral right not to be targeted for genocide. This is to be distinguished from conflicts or wars in which armed combat results in death.

Overcoming Obstacles as a Teacher in the Modern Day Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Obstacles as a Teacher in the Modern Day Essay The teaching profession has always been a highly esteemed and revered occupation due to the fact that educators impart knowledge into the minds of every single individual throughout the population, whether the student decides to be a doctor, engineer, mechanic, politician or artist in adulthood, the foundation of their learning has came from a highly dedicated and resourceful educator. However, when examining this occupation in greater detail it can be observed that there are countless obstacles that effective teachers face every day. It is common knowledge that children have a short attention span and their teacher has the role of planning lessons, which engage the learner and guarantee that the lesson is one that interacts with the student and encourages them to be involved. They also must be aware of different methods to implement that will see the child remembering the material and retaining the information that the teacher is presenting for the future lessons. When teaching in the classroom, educators must be prepared when confronted with children showing ill desired and disruptive behaviours. It is the method in which the teacher reacts to these behaviours that will pave the way for the remainder of the year, if the teacher reacts in the correct manner and demonstrates to the child the expectations within the classroom then it can be anticipated that the student will understand what is and isn’t acceptable, a certain challenge. Attention is where learning begins and therefore attracting and upholding student attention is paramount (Curtindale, Laurie-Rose, Bennett Murphy, 2007). Attention capacity and duration is limited for every individual, this needs to be acknowledged in the classroom and strategies need to be formed to prevent students from neglecting important information in class. Learners find it particularly difficult and their attention easily shifts from one stimulus to another, caused by not only distractions from other students but also from outside the classroom. When students find it difficult to concentrate this can negatively impact not only their own learning but also the learning of others. Therefore, teachers must control and provide an environment that engages and holds students attention whilst teaching imperative material. Eggen (2010) states that effective teachers plan their lessons so students attend to what is being taught and ignore irrelevant stimuli. They must ensure that their lesson will be one that learners can actively be involved in and interact with, not just submissively require students to listen to what is needing to be taught, but experience it. Teachers may employ a variety of strategies to do this, from demonstrations to discrepant events and thought provoking questions. Another fundamental approach that creates an environment of achieving ones attention is calling on students by name. This guarantees that learners are aware that the teacher will not only call on the class as a whole but may call on them individually, by name, resulting in a need to be attentive. Chapin, O’Connor and Anderson (2009) make an interesting point however that as teachers we need to be mindful when calling on students to participate and remind them of their right to pass or ask for more time before answering in the classroom. The obligation to participate in a classroom does not equate to an obligation to give answers on demand† (Chapin et al. , 2009). When teachers practice these strategies for holding their learners attention and ensure that they are apart of the teaching not just observing it, the likelihood of the student’s memory retaining the material is also greatly increased. Another obstacle faced by teachers in the classroom is that of their learners retaining the material taught throughout the term, from one lesson to another. If any student in the class is having difficulty remembering the previous lesson, they have a high risk of falling behind in their learning and development, which can then lead to troubling behaviour. There are certain aspects of memory retention that must be understood and practiced in the classroom for students to achieve learning targets and overcome this impediment. These techniques are employed to take knowledge from a child’s working memory and encode it to be stored within their long term memory, ensuring that they are then able to recall this understanding and build upon it in future lessons. Schema activation is one such encoding strategy that involves activating prior knowledge so that new knowledge can be connected to it (Eggen 2010). One of the most effective ways of activating a student’s prior knowledge is through conducting reviews of the previous lesson before embarking on the new learning material. This ensures that the students form conceptual connections between what they have already learnt in the past and the material that they are about to be taught. Another effective method of encoding is material organisation, where related items of content are athered into categories that assist in illustrating the relationships between them. This can take the form of charts, models, outlines and hierarchies, which are all examples of organization systems. With the connections easily observable and the information well organized, the student is then able to retrieve this knowledge more easily, as stated by Ormrod (2006, pg190), Long-term memory retrieval is the process of â€Å"remembering previously stored information and â€Å"finding† it in memory†. If strategies are put in place by the educator in the classroom, the students will experience a greater retention of material and a greater ease at â€Å"finding† stored information from past lessons, also making certain that they are less likely to be disruptive and display adverse behavior, an obstacle that all teachers desire to prevent if possible. Classrooms are busy and often hectic places in which groups of students vary in interests and abilities must be organized and directed, in ways that maximize education and minimize disruptions. It is imperative that the teacher responsible for each class is equipped with knowledge and strategies that can be implemented when faced with undesirable behaviour from students. First and foremost, a teacher must show withitness within the classroom, they must notice the behavior of all students and respond quickly to unexpected events. The students will be much less likely to attempt negative behaviour knowing that the teacher is aware of every action and movement that occurs and the knowledge that there is a consequence, either positive or negative for every action. When faced with ill desired behaviour from a student, the teacher must first establish whether the student is going to take responsibility for their actions and if not, implement behavioral interventions – either reinforcement or punishment to ensure that the student understands that there are consequences for adverse behaviour. One approach that would create a rational response to the student’s behaviour would be to implement a negative reinforcement – for example, by taking away 5 minutes of the students free art time on Friday afternoon, whilst the rest of the class, has their full 30 minutes. Alternatively the teacher may use their judgment and decide to implement an effective form of punishment for the student instead. This may be a simple timeout for the misbehaving child or a more severe detention during their lunch break or after class. Regardless of the tactic that the teacher decides to use with this misbehaving student, once the student understands that there are consequences for poor behaviour, the probability of this behaviour continuing is scarce. Children that act in this manner and misbehave in class often look to their role model for discipline and in many situations their teacher may be their only adult role model in their life and therefore it is imperative that these situations are handled appropriately. In conclusion, it can be observed that there are many challenges that a teacher must overcome in their normal day-to-day occupation, with a majority of them that go unseen to the general public. Initially they must obtain the student’s attention and curiosity and then maintain it throughout the class, whilst having lessons planned around engaging the students and allowing them to experience what is being taught. They then must ensure that the pupil is being taught in a way that will ensure their long term memory to guarantee that they will remember the material and therefore build upon it in future lessons. Teachers must also be equipped with strategies and techniques to overcome ill desired behaviour from students in a way that creates an understanding of the expectations and classroom rules. Fortunately there are many teachers and educators that have gone before and paved the way for the future graduates, they have been willing to share their ideas, examples and methodology in regards to what they have found that has been successful and what has not. Techniques such as calling students by name to gain their attention, organizing new learning material in such a way that makes it easier for the students to retrieve it from their memory and implementing reinforcements in place of harsh punishment for students that are testing the boundaries within the classroom. This knowledge and experience from other mentors in the industry guarantees that the classroom of the future is not only a brighter place to be but also a well informed one.